Form referring to the speaker. Often translated into English as "I" (singular) and "we" (plural).
2ND PERSON
Form referring to one or more listener; Often translated into English as "you".
3RD PERSON
Form referring to an additional participant, not the speaker or addressee; Often translated into English as "he" or "she" (Ute does not make a similar distinction between gender.).
ABSOLUTIVE
An affix that indicates that the word, not ending with a case, is a noun.
ADVERB
Part of speech that modifies a verb or verb phrase (e.g. quickly, happily).
AFFIX
Parts of a word that attach to a root to give meaning (i.e. PREFIX or SUFFIX).
ALIENABLE
Possessed object that is or can be separated from its possessor. Opposite of INALIENABLE.
ASPECT
Describes verbs in relation to specific period of time (e.g. habitual, imperfective, inchoative, etc.).
ASSOCIATIONAL
Indicates association of an object or event with another, often translated into English as "with"
CASE
Inflectional category that marks a word's role in relation to other parts of the sentence.
CAUSATIVE
An affix that indicates that a subject either causes an action to take place or changes a state.
CLAUSE
A grammatical unit smaller than the sentence.
COMPOUND
A word formed by combining two or more words.
CONJUNCTION
A word that joins two or more distinct clauses or sentences.
DEMONSTRATIVE
Locates a word in relation to the speaker. Often translated into English as "the", "a", "this", or "that."
DERIVATIONAL
An affix that attaches to a root or word in order to form the meaning of a new word.
DIACRITIC
Any mark in writing additional to a letter (e.g. the accent on ü)
DIALECT
A distinct variety of a language, especially one spoken in a specific area.
DIRECTIONAL
An affix that indicates movement to a location.
EXCLUSIVE
Person marking indicating that the listener is excluded. Opposite of INCLUSIVE.
HABITUAL
Indicates that the action is, or was, repeated. Frequently translated into English as "always," "frequently," or "generally."
INALIENABLE
Possessed object that is an inherent part of the possessor and cannot be separated. Opposite of INALIENABLE.
INCHOATIVE
Expresses the beginning of an action, typically of its own accord. Often translated into English as "becomes…"
INCLUSIVE
Person marking indicating that the listener is included. Opposite of EXCLUSIVE.
INFLECTIONAL
An affix that is used to add grammatical information to a word.
INTERJECTION
A short, expressive exclamation.
INTERROGATIVE
Indicates that a word or phrase has question force.
INTRANSITIVE
A type of verb that only relates to a single noun or its equivalent (e.g. She jumps.). Opposite of TRANSITIVE.
IRREALIS
An affix that indicates indefiniteness and/or futurity, that an action hasn't happened or is unlikely to happen.
LOCATIVE
Indicates location in reference to a point or location in space (e.g. at, on, etc.).
MORPHEME
Unit of grammar smaller than a word.
MORPHOLOGY
The study of word formation and its representation within different languages.
NOMINALIZER
An affix that attaches changes a word into a noun.
NOUN
Part of speech that includes persons, places, or things.
NUMERAL
A word form denoting a number.
OBJECT
Participant in a sentence that is the experiencer, undergoer, or receiver of an action. Opposite of SUBJECT.
OBJECT CASE
An affix that marks a noun as the subject of a sentence. In Ute, this is the voicing of the final vowel.
PART OF SPEECH
A category to which a word is assigned based on its function within a sentence (e.g. noun, verb, etc.).
PARTICLE
Part of speech that includes uninflected words with minimal or no affixes.
PASSIVE
An affix that reduces the number of objects a verb can take by one. Often translated into English as "by", as in "He was seen by his mother" (as opposed to "His mother saw him").
PERSON
Grammatical category that distinguishes participants within a sentence; see 1ST PERSON, 2ND PERSON, 3RD PERSON.
PHONOLOGY
The study of sound systems and their representation within different languages.
PLURAL
Indicates more than one person or object
PLURAL SUFFIX
A suffix indicating that the subject or object of a predicate is plural when suffixed to a verb; also indicates plurality of a noun when suffixed to one.
POSSESSIVE
An affix that marks a noun as being possessed by someone/something.
PREDICATE
Part of a sentence that includes the verb and what is being said of the subject (e.g. the predicate is italicized in the sentence Molly likes to go swimming).
PREFIX
An affix that comes before the word or morpheme to which it is joined. Opposite of SUFFIX.
PRONOUN/PRONIMINAL AFFIX
A word or suffix that replaces a noun in a sentence.
QUANTIFIER
A word or affix that specifies a quantity or amount without being as specific as a numeral. Examples in English include some of, all, and none.
REFERENTIAL
A form of a word used when talking about another person, place, or thing.
REFLEXIVE
An affix that indicates an action referring back to the subject of a sentence (e.g. Bill washed himself).
SPATIOTEMPORAL LOCATIVE
Indicates a location in either time or space.
STATE/STATIVE
Describes a persisting state or situation. Opposite of ACTION/ACTIVE.
STEM
A form to which affixes are added in order to create a word. Carries the primary meaning of the word.
SUBJECT
Participant in a sentence that is the actor, agent, or causer of an action. Opposite of OBJECT.
SUBJECT CASE
An affix that marks a noun as the subject of a sentence. In Ute, this is the devoicing of the final vowel.
SUBORDINATION
Coordination of two or more clauses or sentences in a way that one clause is dependent on the other.
SUFFIX
An affix that comes after the word or morpheme to which it is joined. Opposite of PREFIX.
SYNTAX
The study of grammatical relations between elements within a sentence.
TEMPORAL
Indicating or involving an element of time.
TENSE
Indicates the time of an action, event, etc. in relation to the moment of speaking.
TIME ADVERBIAL
A suffix that attaches to time-related words to indicate relation to the predicate.
TRANSITIVE
A type of verb that relates to more than one noun or its equivalent, typically having both a subject and an object (e.g. She hugs him). Opposite of INTRANSITIVE.
VARIANT
Used to describe an alternative to the standard. Variation can apply to pronunciation, word choice, word order, or dialect differences.
VERB
Part of speech that includes actions, events, or states of being.
VOCATIVE
An affix or form of a word used to invoke or address a person or thing.